prune while the apple trees are dormant: when the sap is hiding in the roots. (her friend prunes in summer?)
Christie laid out a three steps framework for pruning apple trees. I have not quite figure out the aim of each step, but here is what I have so far:
Step one is taking rotten things off. Moss is not rot. Cut whole branches off with rot to be careful.
Step two is take out congestion for light and air. Take out branches reaching into others space even if they are not crossing.
Step three is shaping the tree: cut branches that are crossing, cut lower branches for the mower, taking off the water spouts unless you want them for a branch in the future. They suck the sap when in comes back out of hiding in the roots for the winter. Never change more than 2/3rds of the tree as a million sprouts will start when the sap pushes up. In general, cut each branch 1/2in above its growth ring at the base, cut them perpendicular to the branch length.
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